Heteroperreyia hubrichi Malaise (Hymenoptera: Pergidae) try a prehistoric nonstinging wasp indigenous to north Argentina and you may southeastern Brazil. The fresh biology, environment, and machine directory of this new sawfly H. hubrichi were examined inside the Brazil, Florida, and you will Hawaii (Vitorino ainsi que al. 2000, Medal et al. 1999, Hight ainsi que al. 2002, Cuda mais aussi al. 2005). This new larval stage with the bug is phytophagous (plant eating). Career studies collected when you look at the Brazil mean which variety is bivoltine (several generations a year). Intercourse proportion of adults is approximately 1:1 (men so you can female) when reproduction try bisexual, although sawfly and exhibits arrhenotoky; mated people develop women and you will unmated lady write merely males. From inside the Brazil, an excellent pupal diapause period occurs in the summer (December to March) and you will winter season (Summer to August).
Upon introduction from the pupal phase, people companion and/or oviposit for the young woody twigs which can be adjacent to the significantly more delicate terminal propels. This decisions enables brand new sawfly to avoid the latest poisonous resin popular in the Brazilian peppertree’s critical increases. The feminine uses this lady saw-such as for instance ovipositor to reduce the newest stem tissues and you can enter this lady egg between your slim bark and the phloem, the vascular tissues one transports nutrition from the departs (Figure step three). The newest eggs try elliptical in shape and are usually transferred front side of the front side into the long rows off adjustable size and you will matter. Female display maternal choices by guarding the fresh egg people during the incubation several months, but die whenever the very first larvae hatch.
The period away from eggs maturation is focused on fifteen weeks. What amount of eggs are directly connected to the measurements of egg bulk. The average level of eggs for every single bulk are
Brazilian Peppertree Leaflet Roller, Episimus unguiculus
Episimus unguiculus Clarke, previously also known as Age. utilis Zimmerman (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), was brought into the Hawaii to have traditional physiological control of Brazilian peppertree from the 1950s (Krauss 1963). ) examined the newest biology away from E. unguiculus undergoing setting up a laboratory colony getting performing machine assortment tests for the a prescription Florida containment lab. Adults (Figure 4) is small, grayish brownish moths which have distinctive marks with the forewings. When at peace, this new grownups try cryptically colored, like possibly tree bark or bird droppings. Average life period towards the mature moths is actually 8 so you’re able to nine weeks, and you can development of eggs in order to adult phase takes place in regarding 42 weeks.
Female is also put to 172 eggs throughout their lifetime. Egg are usually deposited singly however, sometimes during the groups of right up so you’re able to half a dozen eggs with the upper minimizing surfaces away from Brazilian peppertree brochures. The fresh egg, that are fixed on leaflet, was compacted, ovoid, and light-green from inside the colour which have a smooth chorion when very first transferred however, darken because they build. The narrow, scalelike contour and transparency of freshly placed eggs probably pay for him or her some defense against predation and possibly parasitism.
The newest caterpillar (otherwise larval phase) of Age. unguiculus (Profile 4) episodes the newest foliage regarding Brazilian peppertree. Early instars are bronze so you’re able to light green within the colour, however, because they started to maturity, the larvae change bright red prior to pupating and are as much as fifteen mm long. This new larval stage enjoys four instars, even when a 6th instar may possibly occur on occasion.
The adults was black with reddish base (Shape step 3), and the genders would be split up on such basis as dimensions (ladies was larger), the current presence of this new ovipositor in women, while having antennal morphology
Eating activities of the larvae vary depending upon their age. Freshly hatched larvae and you can very early instars supply by the tapping the exterior of literature. Very early instars was leaflet sections, and you will usually supply ranging from more youthful and increasing literature which have been fastened including silk. The first to ever 3rd instars typically net with her two or more surrounding leaflets flat up against each other. Older larvae bind solitary literature toward feature cylindrical move one to might be in the Elizabeth. unguiculus in nature. A beneficial cohort around thirty five larvae is capable of totally defoliating an excellent 0.5 meters high Brazilian peppertree potted bush in under about three months (). The outcome out-of a recent study of the Manrique mais aussi al. (2009) showed that highest amounts of defoliation by the Age. unguiculus somewhat quicker what amount of brochures, plant peak, foliar biomass, relative rate of growth (RGR), and take:root ratio off potted Brazilian peppertrees. More over, flowers were not able to come out of the results of herbivory immediately after 2 months.